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  Cancer Diagnostics Cancer diagnostics are procedures used to identify cancer with or without incision in the body. Early diagnosis and treatment of cancer is important for long-term survival. Imaging tests used in cancer diagnostics may include X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and positron emission tomography (PET), among others. Tumor biomarkers tests are also used to diagnose cancer, such as RAS mutation test, EGFR mutation test, carcioembryonic test (CEA), ALK test for lung cancer, BRCA test, CA-19 test for pancreatic cancer, Alfa-fetoprotein test (AFP), circulating tumor cells (CTC), and prostate specific antigen (PSA), among others. A biopsy is the main way doctors diagnose most types of cancer. Other tests can suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a diagnosis. Biopsy confirms the diagnosis of a cancer and is usually the first step to treatment. The site of biopsy depends on how invasiv...

  Anosmia  Anosmia is a disorder of the sense of smell. People with anosmia may have difficulty smelling and tasting food. They may not eat enough to stay healthy or get the nutrients they need. They may also feel depressed and isolated. The loss of smell can also result from an injury to the nose, nasal congestion, or radiation to the head or neck. A diagnosis of Anosmia is often tricky because it involves the most under-diagnosed sense of smell. But there are treatment options available. Surgery for a deviated septum can solve the problem. Antibiotics and other medicines for allergies may also help. In some cases, no medication can cure anosmia. However, there are ways to improve symptoms and find a cause of anosmia. Anosmia is a rare and difficult condition. It can be caused by a number of conditions, including genetics and trauma to the nasal passages. For a complete diagnosis, a patient's symptoms should be analyzed and any past medical history should be taken into c...

  Surgical scalpels are surgical instruments made up of a blade and handle. It is a simple tool that can be used for minimally invasive procedures. Its sharp cutting edge is the most important tool for any type of surgery. During the 18th century, King Gillette invented disposable shaving blades, which were a precursor to the surgical scalpel. The name "scalpel" is derived from the Latin word "scallpellus," which means blade. The Romans refined and perfected surgical tools by borrowing from Greek medical knowledge. Together, these two civilizations reached their peak of medical prowess. The blade of the surgical scalpel is made of steel. It is made from silver or carbon steel. The blade is usually long and blunt. The two pieces are connected with studs. These two pieces are called 'toothpicks'. The surgeon uses the surgical scalpel to perform various operations. The 'toothpick' is a type of scissors that is used to open wounds. Both are used in the s...

  Lactulose Constipation is treated with lactulose, a laxative (difficulty pooing). It's also used to treat hepatic encephalopathy, a serious liver disorder. In Other words, Constipation is treated using lactulose, a synthetic sugar. In the colon, it is broken down into products that draw water from the body and into the colon. Stools are softened by this water. Lactulose is also used to help people with liver illness reduce the quantity of ammonia in their blood. It works by sucking ammonia from the bloodstream into the colon, where it is expelled. Lactulose is a liquid that can be taken by mouth. For constipation, it's normally used once a day, and for liver problems, three or four times a day. The amount of medicine to take at each dose is specified on your prescription label. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and if there is anything you don't understand, ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain it to you. Take lactulose exactly as instructe...

  Urokinase  Urokinase is a thrombolytic (THROM-bo-LIT-ik) agent, also known as a "clot-buster." It aids in the production of a chemical that dissolves blood clots. Urokinase is a drug that is used to dissolve blood clots in the lungs. Urokinase can be used for a variety of other things that aren't covered in this pharmaceutical guide. Urokinase is administered through an IV into a vein. This injection will be given to you by a healthcare provider. A continuous infusion pump is used to provide urokinase slowly over a period of 12 hours. While receiving urokinase, your respiration, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and other vital indicators will be continuously monitored. Your doctor may give a blood thinner or other medicine after urokinase treatment to help prevent future blood clots. Follow all dosing instructions to the letter. Even if you have a slight injury, some drugs can make it easier for you to bleed. Urokinase is a serine protease found in humans and other a...

  Electric wheelchairs use comparable technology to mobility scooters, and some powerchair manufacturers are also providing models that resemble mobility scooters rather than traditional wheelchairs. There are three basic types of electric propelled chairs available today (EPWs). Each wheelchair style has its own set of handling characteristics. EPWs are also classified by seat type; some resemble manual chairs with a sling-style seat and frame, while others have 'captain's chair' seating similar to that found in automobiles. EPWs range in size and functionality from compact, foldable or disassembled units to massive, hefty full-featured chairs (commonly referred to as "rehab" chairs). A joystick on a controller is often used to regulate speed and direction. If the user lacks coordination or the ability to use their hands or fingers, additional input devices such as chin controls and puff/sip scanners can be employed. Heavy-duty manual folding-frame wheelchairs ...